A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Early Prelinguistic Gesture Development and Its Relationship to Language Development     

Thea Cameron-Faulkner  Nivedita Malik  Circle Steele  Stefano Coretta  Ludovica Serratrice  Elena Lieven 《Child development》2021,92(1):273-290

Many Western industrialized nations have high levels of ethnic diversity but to date there are very few studies which investigate prelinguistic and early language development in infants from ethnic minority backgrounds. This study tracked the development of infant communicative gestures from 10 to 12 months (n = 59) in three culturally distinct groups in the United Kingdom and measured their relationship, along with maternal utterance frequency and responsiveness, to vocabulary development at 12 and 18 months. No significant differences were found in infant gesture development and maternal responsiveness across the groups, but relationships were identified between gesture, maternal responsiveness, and vocabulary development.  相似文献   

Study and Stress among First Year Overseas Students in an Australian University     

Robert B. Burns 《高等教育研究与发展》1991,10(1):61-77

Overseas students bring to Australia a very different cultural, social and intellectual experience from that which awaits them. Reviews of previous studies suggest that their beliefs, values and attitudes to knowledge, to styles of learning and study can lead to study shock. A questionnaire survey of a sample of 133 first year overseas students mainly from Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong, most of whom were studying for a Bachelor of Business degree, and 76 Australian born first year students mainly of British and European origin from the same classes, showed that compared to local students the overseas group had significantly greater difficulties adjusting to academic requirements, particularly with regard to managing the demands of study, specifically study methods, independent learning, language skills, participation and time management. The overseas students manifested significantly higher degrees of various stress indicators than did the local students. More academic and counselling support and resources for this increasing intake of overseas students should be provided.  相似文献   

Simultaneous contrast in the goldfish     

Richard A. Burns  William T. Woodard  T. B. Henderson  M. E. Bitterman 《Learning & behavior》1974,2(2):97-100

In this, as in two prior experiments, goldfish trained with small reward for response to one color and large reward for response to another color performed less well for the small reward than control animals trained with small reward for response to both colors. The results obtained in the present experiment (with liquid food as reward) cannot be explained in terms of postingestive inhibition (evidence from the prior experiments withTubifex worms as reward being inconsistent on this point) or in terms of within-sessions decrement in drive. The results bear on the phyletic generality of simultaneous contrast and on the relation of simultaneous to successive contrast, a phenomenon that has thus far failed to appear in goldfish.  相似文献   

Assessing giftedness with the WISC‐III and the SB‐IV     

Michael Simpson  Dominic A. Carone  William J. Burns  Traci Seidman  Doil Montgomery  Alfred Sellers 《Psychology in the schools》2002,39(5):515-524

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC‐III) and the Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (SB‐IV), were administered to 20 gifted children and 20 non‐gifted children to examine the extent of the difference in IQ scores obtained on the two tests and whether order effects were present. Results show that the SB‐IV Composite Score was significantly higher than the WISC‐III Full Scale IQ for both groups. However, for the gifted group, unlike the non‐gifted group, this difference achieved significance only when the SB‐IV was administered first. When either IQ test was administered to the gifted students for the first time, without the confound of a learning influence, there was no significant difference in mean scores. However, when both tests were administered, it was found that the SB‐IV influenced the WISC‐III Full Scale IQ in a downward direction whereas the WISC‐III influenced the SB‐IV Composite Score in an upward direction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

Competence and affect dimensions of self-concept among higher education students: a factorial validation study of an academic subject-specific self-concept     

Richard A. Burns  Dimity A. Crisp  Robert B. Burns 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2018,33(4):649-663

A hierarchical and multi-dimensional model of self-concept is well-validated. Despite increasing evidence that self-concept comprises two latent factors related to perceptions of ‘competence’ and ‘affect’, many researchers continue to examine the impact of a unitary self-concept on educational outcomes. This study explores evidence for a 2-factor academic subject-specific self-concept factor structure and examines the association between these factors with self-efficacy in a sample of higher education students. Participants from two studies (N?=?314; N?=?475) were enrolled in introductory psychology courses. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis examined and confirmed the factor structure of two oblique self-concept factors, reflecting affect and competence, in both studies. Temporal invariance of the 2-factor model was supported. Despite a substantial literature that discriminates between self-concept and self-efficacy, self-efficacy appears to be itself a facet of competency self-concept.  相似文献   

Teacher identity development through action research: a Chinese experience     

Rui Yuan  Anne Burns 《Teachers and Teaching》2017,23(6):729-749

This study explores how two language teachers constructed and reconstructed their professional identities through their action research (AR) facilitated by university researchers in China. Informed by the theory of ‘community of practice’, the findings of the study show that AR exerted a transformative impact on the teachers’ identity development. Four distinctive routes of identity change were noted, namely their transformation from ‘fisherman’ to ‘fishing coach’, from ‘craftsman’ to ‘teacher researcher’, from ‘lonely fighter’ to ‘collaborator’, and from ‘housekeeper’ to ‘change agent’. Such change can be attributed to their engagement and practice in different communities of practice. However, the participants’ identity development also encountered some contextual obstacles, including the rigid school curriculum, lack of research knowledge, as well as the power dynamics between them and the researchers. Several implications can be drawn for teachers, teacher educators, and school leaders to help teachers construct a solid and robust professional identity in seeking their continuing professional development through AR.  相似文献   

The utility of general and school-specific personality traits and an examination of their relationship over time     

Kevin J. Eschleman  Gary Burns 《Learning and individual differences》2012,22(4):537-543

A university student sample was used to compare school-specific (i.e., personality at school) and general personality (i.e., personality across all life domains) over eight weeks. School-specific and general personality incrementally predicted change in school-specific criteria (i.e., school satisfaction and school citizenship behaviors). Less consistent results were found for general criteria. Specifically, school-specific and general personality incrementally predicted change in general mental health, but failed to incrementally predict change in life satisfaction. In addition, we examined the school-specific–general personality relationship over time. Contrary to expectations, a unidirectional relationship was found in which school-specific personality predicted change in general personality, but general personality did not predict change in school-specific personality. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.  相似文献   

Students' Development of Strategies for Turn and Angle Measure     

Douglas H. Clements  Barbara A. Burns 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2000,41(1):31-45

We studied a group of fourth grade students identified by their classroom teachers as having above average ability in mathematics who were participating in pull-out enrichment sessions. We sought to test, using observational and microgenetic methods, hypotheses regarding students' measurement strategies that have been generated post hoc by other research teams. These above-average mathematics students did not show initial difficulties with turn commands previously reported in mixed populations. They created strategies to accurately determine the correct direction of turn and to estimate the amount of turn. They did follow a similar developmental order as students in previous work: They synthesized and integrated two schemes, turn as body movement and turn as number. Analyses extending this work revealed a process of psychological curtailment in which students gradually replace full rotations of their bodies with smaller rotations of an arm, hand, or finger.This revised version was published online in September 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Education and Social Change: A Proactive or Reactive Role?     

Burns  Robin Joan 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2002,48(1-2):21-45

This paper reviews the ways in which contributors to the International Review of Education have discussed the role of education in social change. It asserts that education is seen as a major vector in society, but that it is largely allocated a conservative role, since its main function is in the socialisation of the young and the maintenance of the social order. During times of rapid social change, such as the second half of the 20th century, the role of education in the service of the nation is emphasised. When things are going well, especially economically, more experimentation with education is supported, and more idealistic goals are pursued, such as equity of educational opportunity. It is in the ideological and moral spheres, however, that education is most clearly expected to play a leading role. The author traces the relationship between education and social change as reflected in the journal since the 1930s.  相似文献   

The hiring of underrepresented individuals in academic administrative positions: 1972–1979     

Michael R. Dingerson  John A. Rodman  Debra Burns 《Research in higher education》1985,23(2):115-134

Universities were mandated in 1972 to expand their recruitment and hiring efforts with the intent of employing more individuals from underrepresented populations. This study presents data relating to the hiring of academic administrators over the period 1972–1979. While there appear to be substantial changes in the hiring process and in the costs of hiring, there is little evidence to support the intent of the legislation to involve more minorities in the academic leadership and management of higher education institutions.  相似文献